Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Medical Information

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common condition that can affect the bladder, urethra, ureters, or kidneys. This page provides educational, evidence-based information about typical symptoms, common causes, how UTIs are usually evaluated, and general medical approaches used in clinical care.

Educational notice: This content is for informational purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice. If you have symptoms or concerns, consult a qualified healthcare professional.

What Is a UTI?

A UTI occurs when microorganisms (most often bacteria) infect part of the urinary tract. Many UTIs involve the lower urinary tract (the bladder and urethra). In some cases, infection can affect the upper urinary tract, including the kidneys, which may require more urgent medical evaluation.

UTIs are common and can occur in people of all ages. Risk can vary based on anatomy, sexual activity, urinary tract abnormalities, catheter use, and other health factors.

Common Symptoms

Symptoms can vary. A person may experience one or several of the following:

  • Burning or pain during urination
  • Frequent urination or a persistent urge to urinate
  • Passing small amounts of urine
  • Cloudy or strong-smelling urine
  • Lower abdominal or pelvic discomfort
  • Blood in urine (hematuria) in some cases

Possible signs of a kidney infection (seek medical care promptly)

  • Fever or chills
  • Back or flank pain
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Feeling significantly unwell

Symptoms do not confirm a diagnosis on their own. Other conditions can cause similar urinary symptoms, such as kidney stones, which may also be associated with pain, urinary discomfort, or blood in the urine, so proper evaluation is important.

Common Causes and Risk Factors

UTIs are often caused by bacteria entering the urinary tract. Risk can be influenced by multiple factors, which may include:

  • Sexual activity
  • Previous UTIs
  • Urinary tract obstruction or incomplete bladder emptying
  • Use of urinary catheters
  • Pregnancy
  • Menopause-related changes
  • Diabetes or other conditions that affect immune response

The presence of a risk factor does not mean someone will develop a UTI. Your clinician can help interpret risk in the context of symptoms and medical history.

How UTIs Are Evaluated

Healthcare professionals typically evaluate suspected UTIs by reviewing symptoms and medical history and may recommend urine testing.

Urinalysis

Urinalysis can identify findings consistent with infection, such as white blood cells, nitrites, or blood. Results are interpreted alongside symptoms.

Urine culture

A urine culture may be used to identify the specific bacteria and help guide antibiotic selection, especially in recurrent, persistent, or complicated cases.

Additional testing (when appropriate)

In some situations—such as recurrent infections, persistent blood in urine, or suspected obstruction—additional evaluation may be recommended (for example, imaging or referral for further assessment).

General Treatment Approaches (Overview)

Treatment depends on the location and severity of infection, patient history, and risk factors. A clinician may consider:

  • Antibiotics: prescribed based on clinical evaluation and, when available, culture results
  • Symptom management: measures to help relieve discomfort as infection is treated
  • Hydration guidance: recommendations vary depending on individual circumstances
  • Follow-up: if symptoms persist, worsen, or recur

Do not self-treat with leftover antibiotics. Improper antibiotic use can worsen resistance and may delay correct diagnosis.

Prevention and Recurrence (Educational Overview)

Some people experience recurrent UTIs. Prevention strategies depend on individual factors and should be discussed with a qualified healthcare professional. Common preventive measures discussed in clinical settings may include behavioral and hygiene practices, addressing contributing medical conditions, and, in some cases, clinician-guided preventive treatment approaches.

When to Seek Medical Care

Seek medical evaluation if you have symptoms of a UTI, especially if symptoms are persistent, worsening, or affecting daily life.

Seek urgent care if you experience:

  • Fever or chills
  • Back or flank pain
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Visible blood in urine
  • Inability to urinate or severe pain

If you think you may have a medical emergency, contact local emergency services immediately.

Medical Disclaimer

The information on this page is provided for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions regarding a medical condition.

Learn more on our Editorial Policy & Medical Disclaimer page.