Kidney Stones: Medical Information

Kidney stones are solid deposits that can form in the kidneys when certain substances in the urine become concentrated. This page provides educational, evidence-based information about kidney stones, including common symptoms, potential causes, how they are evaluated, and general medical approaches used in clinical care.

Educational notice: This content is for informational purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice. If you have symptoms or concerns, consult a qualified healthcare professional.

What Are Kidney Stones?

Kidney stones are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. Stones can vary in size and may remain in the kidney or travel through the urinary tract. When a stone moves, it can cause irritation or blockage, leading to symptoms that range from mild discomfort to severe pain.

Some kidney stones cause few or no symptoms, while others may lead to sudden and intense pain. The clinical presentation depends on stone size, location, and whether urine flow is obstructed.

Common Symptoms

Symptoms associated with kidney stones can vary. A person may experience one or more of the following:

  • Severe pain in the side, back, or lower abdomen
  • Pain that radiates to the groin area
  • Blood in the urine (hematuria)
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Frequent or painful urination
  • Cloudy or strong-smelling urine

Pain related to kidney stones may come in waves and change in intensity. Symptoms alone cannot confirm a diagnosis, as some urinary symptoms may overlap with urinary tract infections, so medical evaluation is important.

Types of Kidney Stones

Kidney stones can be classified based on their composition. Common types include:

  • Calcium stones: the most common type, often formed from calcium oxalate
  • Uric acid stones: associated with high levels of uric acid in urine
  • Struvite stones: may develop in association with certain urinary infections
  • Cystine stones: rare stones linked to inherited metabolic conditions

Identifying stone type can help clinicians recommend appropriate prevention strategies.

Possible Causes and Risk Factors

Kidney stones may develop when urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize. Factors that can influence risk include:

  • Low fluid intake or dehydration
  • Dietary factors
  • Family history of kidney stones
  • Certain metabolic conditions
  • Digestive disorders or prior intestinal surgery
  • Some medications or supplements

The presence of a risk factor does not guarantee stone formation. Risk varies between individuals.

How Kidney Stones Are Evaluated

Evaluation typically begins with a review of symptoms and medical history. Healthcare professionals may recommend tests to confirm the presence of a stone and assess its size and location.

Urine and blood tests

Urine testing can help identify blood, infection, or substances associated with stone formation. Blood tests may be used to evaluate kidney function and metabolic factors.

Imaging

Imaging studies such as ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) may be used to detect kidney stones and evaluate urinary tract obstruction.

General Treatment Approaches (Overview)

Management of kidney stones depends on stone size, location, symptoms, and individual health factors. General approaches discussed in clinical settings may include:

  • Pain management: to help control discomfort during stone passage
  • Hydration guidance: recommendations vary based on stone type and clinical situation
  • Medications: may be used to support stone passage or address contributing factors
  • Procedures: in some cases, interventions may be needed to remove or break up stones

Treatment decisions should always be made in consultation with a qualified healthcare professional.

Prevention and Recurrence

Some people experience recurrent kidney stones. Preventive strategies depend on stone type and individual risk factors. Clinicians may discuss hydration habits, dietary considerations, and other preventive measures tailored to the individual.

When to Seek Medical Care

Seek medical evaluation if symptoms suggest a kidney stone, especially if pain is severe or persistent.

Seek urgent care if you experience:

  • Severe or worsening pain
  • Fever or chills
  • Persistent nausea or vomiting
  • Visible blood in urine
  • Difficulty urinating or inability to pass urine

Medical Disclaimer

This page provides educational information only and does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider regarding medical concerns.

Learn more on our Editorial Policy & Medical Disclaimer page.